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TOWNS

The language begins with patterns that define towns and communities. These patterns can never be designed or built in one fell swoop - but patient piecemeal growth, designed in such a way that every individual act is always helping to create or generate these larger global patterns, will, slowly and surely, over the years, make a community that has these global patterns in it.

First, one all important comment about the region as a whole:

1.  INDEPENDENT REGIONS

Within each region work toward those regional policies which will protect the land and mark the limits of the cities:

2.  THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOWNS 3.  CITY COUNTRY FINGERS 4.  AGRICULTURAL VALLEYS 5.  LACE OF COUNTRY STREETS 6.  COUNTRY TOWNS 7.  THE COUNTRYSIDE

Through city policies, encourage the piecemeal formation of those major structures which define the city:

8.  MOSAIC OF SUBCULTURES 9.  SCATTERED WORK 10.  MAGIC OF THE CITY 11.  LOCAL TRANSPORT AREAS

Build up these larger city patterns from the grass roots, through action essentially controlled by two levels of self-governing communities, which exist as physically identifiable places:

12.  COMMUNITY OF 7000 13.  SUBCULTURE BOUNDARY 14.  IDENTIFIABLE NEIGHBORHOOD 15.  NEIGHBORHOOD BOUNDARY

Connect communities to one another by encouraging the growth of the following networks:

16.  WEB OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 17.  RING ROADS 18.  NETWORK OF LEARNING 19.  WEB OF SHOPPING 20.  MINI-BUSES

Establish community and neighborhood policy to control the character of the local environment according to the following fundamental principles:

21.  FOUR-STORY LIMIT 22.  NINE PER CENT PARKING 23.  PARALLEL ROADS 24.  SACRED SITES 25.  ACCESS TO WATER 26.  LIFE CYCLE 27.  MEN AND WOMEN

Both in the neighborhoods and the communities, and in between them, in the boundaries, encourage the formation of local centers:

28.  ECCENTRIC NUCLEUS 29.  DENSITY RINGS 30.  ACTIVITY NODES 31.  PROMENADE 32.  SHOPPING STREET 33.  NIGHT LIFE 34.  INTERCHANGE

Around these centers, provide for the growth of housing in the form of clusters, based on face-to-face human groups:

35.  HOUSEHOLD MIX 36.  DEGREES OF PUBLICNESS 37.  HOUSE CLUSTER 38.  ROW HOUSES 39.  HOUSING HILL 40.   OLD PEOPLE EVERYWHERE

Between the house clusters, around the centers, and especially in the boundaries between neighborhoods, encourage the formation of work communities:

41.  WORK COMMUNITY 42.  INDUSTRIAL RIBBON 43.  UNIVERSITY AS A MARKETPLACE 44.  LOCAL TOWN HALL 45.  NECKLACE OF COMMUNITY PROJECTS 46.  MARKET OF MANY SHOPS 47.  HEALTH CENTER 48.  HOUSING IN BETWEEN

Between the house clusters and work communities, allow the local road and path network to grow informally, piecemeal:

49.  LOOPED LOCAL ROADS 50.  T JUNCTIONS 51.  GREEN STREETS 52.  NETWORK OF PATHS AND CARS 53.  MAIN GATEWAYS 54.  ROAD CROSSING 55.  RAISED WALK 56.  BIKE PATHS AND RACKS 57.  CHILDREN IN THE CITY

In the communities and neighborhoods, provide public open land where people can relax, rub shoulders and renew themselves:

58.  CARNIVAL 59.  QUIET BACKS 60.  ACCESSIBLE GREEN 61.  SMALL PUBLIC SQUARES 62.  HIGH PLACES 63.  DANCING IN THE STREET 64.  POOLS AND STREAMS 65.  BIRTH PLACES 66.  HOLY GROUND

In each house cluster and work community, provide the smaller bits of common land, to provide for local versions of the same needs:

67.  COMMON LAND 68.  CONNECTED PLAY 69.  PUBLIC OUTDOOR ROOM 70.  GRAVE SITES 71.  STILL WATER 72.  LOCAL SPORTS 73.  ADVENTURE PLAYGROUND 74.  ANIMALS

Within the framework of the common land, the clusters, and the work communities encourage transformation of  the smallest independent social institutions: the families, workgroups, and gathering places.  The family, in all its forms:

75.  THE FAMILY 76.  HOUSE FOR A SMALL FAMILY 77.  HOUSE FOR A COUPLE 78.  HOUSE FOR ONE PERSON 79.  YOUR OWN HOME

The workgroups, including all kinds of workshops and offices and even children's learning groups:

80.  SELF-GOVERNING WORKSHOPS AND OFFICES 81.  SMALL SERVICES WITHOUT RED TAPE

The first group of patterns helps to lay out the overall:

82.  OFFICE CONNECTIONS 83.  MASTER AND APPRENTICES 84.  TEENAGE SOCIETY 85.  SHOPFRONT SCHOOLS 86.  CHILDREN'S HOME 87.  INDIVIDUALLY OWNED SHOPS 88.  STREET CAFE 89.  CORNER GROCERY 90.  BEER HALL 91.  TRAVELER'S INN 92.  BUS STOP 93.  FOOD STANDS 94.  SLEEPING IN PUBLIC

BUILDINGS

This completes the global patterns  which define a town or a  part of the community.  We now start that part of the language which gives shape to groups of buildings, and individual buildings, on the land, in three dimensions. These are the patterns which can be "designed" or "built"- the patterns which define the individual buildings and the space between buildings; where we are dealing for the first time with Patterns that are under the control of individuals or small groups of individuals, who are able to build the patterns all at once:

Arrangement of a group of buildings: the height and number of these buildings, the entrances to the site, main parking areas and lines of movement through the complex:

95.  BUILDING COMPLEX 96.  NUMBER OF STORIES 97.  SHIELDED PARKING 98.  CIRCULATION REALMS

The local shops and gathering places:

99.  MAIN BUILDING 100.  PEDESTRIAN STREET 101.  BUILDING THOROUGHFARE 102.  FAMILY OF ENTRANCES 103.  SMALL PARKING LOTS

Fix the position of individual buildings on the site, within the complex, one by one, according to the nature of the site, the trees, the sun: this is one of the most important moments in the language:

104.  SITE REPAIR 105.  SOUTH FACING OUTDOORS 106.  POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE 107.  WINGS OF LIGHT 108.  CONNECTED BUILDINGS 109.  LONG THIN HOUSE

Within the buildings' wings, lay out the entrances, the gardens, courtyards, roofs, and terraces: shape both the volume of the buildings and the volume of the space between the buildings at the same time-remembering that indoor space and outdoor space, Yin and Yang, must always get their shape together:

110.  MAIN ENTRANCE 111.  HALF-HIDDEN GARDEN 112.  ENTRANCE TRANSITION 113.  CAR CONNECTION 114.  HIERARCHY OF OPEN SPACE 115.  COURTYARDS WHICH LIVE 116.  CASCADE OF ROOFS 117.  SHELTERING ROOF 118.  ROOF GARDEN

When the major parts of buildings and the outdoor areas have been given their rough shape, it is the right time to give more detailed attention to the paths and squares between the buildings:

119.  ARCADES 120.  PATHS AND GOALS 121.  PATH SHAPE 122.  BUILDING FRONTS 123.  PEDESTRIAN DENSITY 124.  ACTIVITY POCKETS 125.  STAIR SEATS 126.  SOMETHING ROUGHLY IN THE  MIDDLE

Now, with the paths fixed, we come back to the buildings: within the various wings of any one building, work out the fundamental gradients of space, and decide how the movement will connect the spaces in the gradients:

127.  INTIMACY GRADIENT 128.  INDOOR SUNLIGHT 129.  COMMON AREAS AT THE HEART 130.  ENTRANCE ROOM 131.   THE FLOW THROUGH ROOMS 132.  SHORT PASSAGES 133.  STAIRCASE AS A STAGE 134.  ZEN VIEW 135.  TAPESTRY OF LIGHT AND DARK

Within the framework of the wings and their internal gradients of space and movement, define the most important areas and rooms.  First, for a house:

136.  COUPLE'S REALM 137.  CHILDREN'S REALM 138.  SLEEPING TO THE EAST 139.  FARMHOUSE KITCHEN

Prepare to knit the inside of the building to the outside, by treating the edge between the two as a place in its own right, and making human details there:

140.  PRIVATE TERRACE ON THE STREET 141.  A ROOM OF ONE'S OWN 142.  SEQUENCE OF SITTING SPACES 143.  BED CLUSTER 144.  BATHING ROOM 145.  BULK STORAGE

Then the same for offices, workshops, and public buildings:

146.  FLEXIBLE OFFICE SPACE 147.   COMMUNAL EATING 148.  SMALL WORK GROUPS 149.  RECEPTION WELCOMES YOU 150.  A PLACE TO WAIT

Decide on the arrangement of the gardens, and the places in the gardens:

151.  SMALL MEETING ROOMS 152.  HALF-PRIVATE OFFICE

Add those small outbuildings which must be slightly independent from the main structure, and put in the access  from the upper stories to the street and gardens:

I 53.  ROOMS TO RENT 154.  TEENAGER'S COTTAGE 155.  OLD AGE COTTAGE 156.  SETTLED WORK 157.  HOME WORKSHOP 158.  OPEN STAIRS 159.  LIGHT ON TWO SIDES OF EVERY ROOM 160.  BUILDING EDGE 161.  SUNNY PLACE 162.  NORTH FACE 163.  OUTDOOR ROOM 164.  STREET WINDOWS 165.  OPENING TO THE STREET 166.  GALLERY SURROUND 167.  SIX-FOOT BALCONY 168.  CONNECTION TO THE EARTH 169.  TERRACED SLOPE 170.  FRUIT TREES 171.  TREE PLACES 172.  GARDEN GROWING WILD 173.  GARDEN WALL 174.  TRELLISED WALK 175.  GREENHOUSE 176.  GARDEN SEAT 177.  VEGETABLE GARDEN 178.  COMPOST

Go back to the inside of the building and attach the necessary minor rooms and alcoves to complete the main rooms:

179.  ALCOVES 180.  WINDOW PLACE 181.  THE FIRE 182.  EATING ATMOSPHERE 183.  WORKSPACE ENCLOSURE 184.  COOKING LAYOUT 185.  SITTING CIRCLE 186.  COMMUNAL SLEEPING 187.  MARRIAGE BED 188.  BED ALCOVE 189.  DRESSING ROOM

Fine tune the shape and size of rooms and alcoves to make them precise and buildable:

190.  CEILING HEIGHT VARIETY 191.  THE SHAPE OF INDOOR SPACE 192.  WINDOWS OVERLOOKING LIFE 193.  HALF-OPEN WALL 194.  INTERIOR WINDOWS 195.  STAIRCASE VOLUME 196.  CORNER DOORS

Give all the walls some depth, wherever there are to be alcoves, windows, shelves, closets, or seats:

197.  THICK WALLS 198.  CLOSETS BETWEEN ROOMS 199.  SUNNY COUNTER 200.  OPEN SHELVES 201.  WAIST-HIGH SHELF 202.  BUILT-IN SEATS 203.  CHILD CAVES 204.  SECRET PLACE

CONSTRUCTION

At this stage, you have a complete design for an individual building.  If you have followed the patterns given, you have a scheme of spaces, either marked on the ground, with stakes, or on a piece of paper, accurate to the nearest foot or so.  You know the height of rooms, the rough size and position of windows and doors, and you know roughly how the roofs I of the building, and the gardens are laid out:

The next, and last part of the language tells how to make a buildable building directly from this rough scheme of spaces, and tells you how to build it in detail:

Before you lay out structural details, establish a philosophy of structure which will let the structure grow directly from your plans and your conception of the buildings:

205.  STRUCTURE FOLLOWS SOCIAL SPACES 206.  EFFICIENT STRUCTURE 207.  GOOD MATERIALS 208.  GRADUAL STIFFENING

Within this philosophy of structure, on the basis of the plans which you have made, work out the complete structural layout; this is the last thing you do on paper, before you actually start to build:

209.  ROOF LAYOUT 210.  FLOOR AND CEILING LAYOUT 211.   THICKENING THE OUTER WALLS 212.  COLUMNS AT THE CORNERS 213.  FINAL COLUMN DISTRIBUTION

Put stakes in the ground to mark the columns on the site, and start erecting the main frame of the building according to the layout of these stakes:

214.  ROOT FOUNDATIONS 215.  GROUND FLOOR SLAB 216.  BOX COLUMNS 217.  PERIMETER BEAMS 218.  WALL MEMBRANES 219.  FLOOR-CEILING VAULTS 220.  ROOF VAULTS

Within the main frame of the building, fix the exact positions for openings-the doors and windows-and frame these openings:

221.  NATURAL DOORS AND WINDOWS 222.  LOW SILL 223.  DEEP REVEALS 224.  LOW DOORWAY 225.  FRAMES AS THICKENED EDGES

As you build the main frame and its openings, put in the following subsidiary patterns where they are appropriate:

226.  COLUMN PLACE 227.  COLUMN CONNECTION 228.  STAIR.VAULT 229.  DUCT SPACE- 230.  RADIANT HEAT 231.  DORMER  WINDOWS 232.  ROOF CAPS

Put in the surfaces and indoor details:

233.  FLOOR SURFACE 234.  LAPPED OUTSIDE WALLS 235.  SOFT INSIDE WALLS 236.  WINDOWS WHICH OPEN WIDE 237.  SOLID DOORS WITH GLASS 238.  FILTERED LIGHT 239.  SMALL PANES 240.  HALF-INCH TRIM

Build outdoor details to finish the outdoors as fully as the indoor spaces:

241.  SEAT SPOTS 242.  FRONT DOOR BENCH 243.  SITTING WALL 244.  CANVAS ROOFS 245.  RAISED FLOWERS 246.  CLIMBING PLANTS 247.  PAVING WITH CRACKS BETWEEN THE STONES 248.  SOFT TILE AND BRICK

Complete the building with ornament and light and color and your own things:

249.  ORNAMENT 250.  WARM COLORS 251.  DIFFERENT CHAIRS 252.  POOLS OF LIGHT 5 253.  THINGS FROM YOUR LIFE